Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Лабораторный модуль доставлен в Космический центр им. Кеннеди
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Лабораторный модуль доставлен в Космический центр им. Кеннеди
[NASA] Лабораторный модуль, который считается центральной
частью будущей Международной космической станции, доставлен в
Космический центр им. Кеннеди. В феврале 2000 г. он будет выведен на
орбиту кораблем Shuttle Endeavour. В производственном отделении
Космического центра модуль пройдет последнюю предполетную
подготовку.
Перевозка модуля из
Космического центра им. Маршалла
(Хантсвилл, шт. Алабама), где он был
построен, в центр им. Кеннеди была
произведена на самолете "Super Guppy"
(на снимке).
Hа Международной космической станции в Лабораторном модуле
планируется проводить самые разнообразные эксперименты из области
медицины, физики Земли и космоса, а также эксперименты, для
проведения которых необходимо отсутствие гравитационного поля
Земли.
Размеры Лабораторного модуля: длина - около 8,5 м, диаметр -
около 4,3 м, вес - 14,5 т. Он будет состоять из трех цилиндрических и двух
торцевых конических секций. В торцевых секциях будут люки для входа и
выхода астронавтов.
Обшивка модуля - алюминиевая, на нее нанесено специальное
покрытие для защиты модуля от леденящего космического холода.
Следующий защитный слой сделан из материала, аналог которого
используется в бронежилетах, этот слой защитит модуль от космического
мусора и микрометеоритов. И наконец внешняя еще одна алюминиевая
обшивка будет защищать модуль от мощного солнечного излучения.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Первый полет X-33 отложен из-за проблем с двигателем
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Первый полет X-33 отложен из-за проблем с двигателем
[SpaceViews] Первый полет космического корабля X-33 (на рисунке),
созданного для тестирования технологий, разработанных для
использования в будущих космических кораблях многоразового
использования, будет отложен как минимум на 6 месяцев до декабря 1999
г. Это вызвано проблемами в двигателе. Задержка увеличит затраты на
этот проект на 36 млн дол.
Проблемы вызваны недостаточной
надежностью крепления друг с другом
деталей V-образного сопла двигателя
XRS-2200, которые должны
выдерживать высокую температуру.
Разработкой двигателя занималась
компания Rocketdyne, дочерняя фирма
корпорации Boeing. Затраты, связанные с
задержкой будут произведены за счет
Rocketdyne.
Разработка остальных компонентов X-33 продолжается по плану.
Этим занимается компания Lockheed Martin, которая должна поставить
законченный X-33 (без двигателя) для проведения испытаний на базе
ВВС "Эдвардс" в Калифорнии. По словам одного анонимного источника
из Lockheed Martin, в компании очень обрадовались, когда Rocketdyne
объявила о задержке, поскольку теперь появилось время для доведения до
ума остальных частей проекта.
Lockheed Martin получила от NASA контракт на постройку X-33 в
июле 1996 г. NASA планировало потратить на этот проект 941 млн дол.,
Lockheed Martin собиралась инвестировать в него как минимум 220 млн
дол. Первый полет первоначально был запланирован на март 1999 г.,
потом старт был отодвинут на июль, а теперь и на декабрь 1999 г.
X-33 не планируется выводить на орбиту. Он проведет серию
полетов в атмосфере над западной территорией США для проверки
работы всех своих систем.
X-33 является уменьшенной вдвое моделью будущего корабля
многоразового использования VentureStar, решение о создании которого
будет принято на основании результатов испытательных полетов X-33.
Стоимость разработки VentureStar оценивается в 5 млрд дол.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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end
sum -r/size 58726/9285 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 45230/6716 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Рентгеновская обсерватория закончила свою работу
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Рентгеновская обсерватория закончила свою работу
[SpaceViews] Hемецкий спутник ROSAT (на рисунке), который
занимался астрономическими исследованиями с использованием
рентгеновского телескопа, прекратил свою работу. Решение об этом было
принято, когда стало ясно, что установленная на нем камера высокого
разрешения не поддается ремонту. Камера была повреждена в сентябре,
когда она была направлена слишком близко к Солнцу.
Спутник ROSAT был запущен в
1990 г. и за последние месяцы с ним
неоднократно возникали проблемы. В
апреле вышло из строя устройство
навигации по звездам, используемое для
сохранения надлежащей ориентации
спутника. Проблему пришлось решать с
помощью нового программного
обеспечения, но в течение лета спутник
больше простаивал, чем работал. В сентябре случилась авария с камерой
высокого разрешения, после чего астрономические исследования были
практически прекращены.
Вообще, спутник ROSAT с самого начала преследовали неудачи.
Сначала предполагалось, что его вывод на орбиту осуществит "шаттл" в
1987 г., но после трагедии в 1986 г. с космическим кораблем Challenger
старт был отложен и запуск состоялся только в июне 1990 г. на
ракете-носителе Delta 2.
В течение первых 6 месяцев своей работы ROSAT производил
обзор всего неба в рентгеновском диапазоне длин волн, в результате чего
в космосе было обнаружено более 60 тыс. источников рентгеновского
излучения, то есть в 100 раз больше, чем было известно ранее. Затем
ROSAT использовался для исследований рентгеновского излучения
комет, квазаров и нейтронных звезд.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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`
end
sum -r/size 64199/8917 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 34215/6448 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: First element of International Space Station to be launched on 20 Nove
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European Space Agency
Press Release No. 50-98
Paris, France 18 November 1998
First element of International Space Station to be launched on 20 November
The first component of the International Space Station is scheduled to be
launched atop a Russian Proton launcher from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan at 11:40 local time (07:40 Central European Time) on Friday 20
November, kicking off a new era in the human exploration of space.
The Space Station will provide a permanent workplace in orbit for men and
women of many different nationalities. It will be assembled element by
element over the next five years and, when completed in 2004, the complex
will be the largest ever structure in space, stretching over 100 metres and
sprawling across an area the size of a football field.
The first element in orbit, the Russian-built, US-owned control module named
Zarya (a Russian word meaning "daybreak"), will provide the initial
propulsion and power for the future Space Station. Two weeks later, on 3
December, the second element will be launched. Carried into orbit aboard the
Space Shuttle Endeavour, the Unity module will be attached to Zarya to begin
the Space Station's orbital assembly.
The European Space Agency is one of five partners in this international
endeavour, together with the United States, Russia, Japan and Canada. ESA is
contributing two major elements -- the Columbus laboratory and an Automated
Transfer Vehicle (ATV). The first is a multi-purpose scientific and
technological laboratory, to be added to the Space Station in the year
2002/2003, and the second is a transport vessel to be launched by Europe's
Ariane 5 to carry supplies to the Space Station.
Europe is also supplying scientific and technical equipment to NASA and the
Russian Space Agency (RKA), and will take part in 19 of the 45 flights
planned during the five-year assembly phase.
The first European element, a data management system that will act as the
"brain" of the Russian Service Module, will be launched on the fourth
assembly flight early next summer.
Ten of ESA's 14 member states are participating in the Space Station:
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain,
Sweden and Switzerland.
For further information and daily status reports on the International Space
Station, see ESA's Space Station web page: www.estec.esa.nl/spaceflight.
Note to editors: ESA will provide live images of the launch from Baikonur,
hosted by Kate Bellamy and ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter and complemented by
status reports from the Russian mission control centre TsUP near Moscow, on
20 November. The feed will be transmitted in analog PAL mode. Broadcasters
are welcome to use the feed:
Transponder up: 06:45 CET
Start of programme: 07:00 CET
Scheduled lift-off: 07:40 CET
End of programme: 08:15 CET
Transponder down: 08:30 CET
Satellite: Eutelsat 2F2
Position : 10 degrees EAST
Transponder: XP25
Polarisation: Vertical
Frequency: 10.9716 GHz
Sound subcarrier: 6.6 MHz (English)
For further information, please contact:
ESA Public Relations Division
Tel: +33(0)1.53.69.7155 Fax:+33(0)1.53.69.7690
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: UCLA Geochemist's Fossil Meteorite Provides Strong Evidence that Aster
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University of California-Los Angeles
Contact: Stuart Wolpert, stuartw@college.ucla.edu, (310) 206-0511
Date: November 18, 1998
UCLA Geochemist's Fossil Meteorite Provides Strong Evidence that Asteroid
Caused Mass Extinctions 65 Million Years Ago
UCLA geochemist Frank T. Kyte has found a fossil meteorite believed to be
from the huge asteroid that crashed to Earth 65 million years ago -- the
probable cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species
worldwide.
In the cover story of the Nov. 19 issue of the journal Nature, Kyte presents
his analysis of the sample and concludes that the cosmic impactor, some six
miles in diameter, that broadsided Mexico's Yucatan peninsula was probably
an asteroid, and not a comet.
"The fossil meteorite strongly supports the idea that the impactor was an
asteroid and not a comet," Kyte said. "There is a strong probability that
this is a bullet from a smoking gun."
"That was one of the worst days the Earth had in the last billion years, and
it is important to understand what happened."
Kyte's analysis of the sample's texture and chemistry confirmed that the
object is a meteorite. He considers it highly likely that the sample is from
the asteroid that struck 65 million years ago, and if so, it is the first
piece of the asteroid that is large enough to study and analyze.
What is Kyte's evidence that the meteorite was from an asteroid? First,
comets travel at much higher velocities than asteroids, most likely vaporizing
themselves on collision, Kyte noted. Therefore, the mere fact that a sample
survived the impact is evidence that the object was not a comet, he said.
Second, Kyte's analysis suggests that the meteorite came from a typical,
rocky carbonaceous chondrite -- a description of objects in the asteroid
belt -- rather than the porous, fluffy type of interplanetary dust associated
with icy comets.
The fossil meteorite was encrusted in mud for 65 million years, buried beneath
more than 50 yards of sediment in the North Pacific Ocean. It no longer has
any of its original minerals, but its texture and shape remain the same, Kyte
said.
Kyte located the piece while studying a sediment layer from the Cretaceous/
Tertiary boundary -- whose sediments are widely recognized to contain the
record of a large asteroid or comet impact -- and suspected right away that
he found an important clue to the mystery of what happened 65 million years
ago.
"Although the fossil meteorite is only a tenth of an inch in size, it was
1,000 times bigger than anything else in the sediment, "Kyte said. "In this
dark brown sediment, I saw this small white speck."
In his National Science Foundation-funded research, Kyte analyzed the piece
using UCLA's electron microprobe and neutron activation laboratories. He
found it to be high in iridium -- an element that is abundant in meteorites.
"That's when I knew I had something special -- a small chunk of the asteroid,"
Kyte said.
Asteroids, which originate in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, are
pieces of largely rocky material remaining from early in the evolution of the
solar system. They did not form into planets, probably because of their close
proximity to Jupiter. A typical asteroid travels at about 40,000 miles per
hour, Kyte noted. Comets are from beyond Pluto, and travel about twice as
fast, he said. Comets are believed to be composed of about half rocky
material and half icy material.
Some scientists think the destructive meteorite 65 million years ago is an
example of comet showers that bombard the Earth every 25-30 million years,
causing mass extinctions. If the impact was from an asteroid, as Kyte
believes, such theories become harder to defend, he said.
The impact 65 million years ago, at the end of what is known as the Cretaceous
period, is believed to have had devastating effects on the world's climate,
and has been implicated in the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other
forms of life. Prior to the crash, a few thousand dinosaur species had
thrived for 160 million years.
Questions remain about how the asteroid affected the environment, how long it
took for the extinctions to occur, and the exact size of the massive object.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 20 ноября 1998 (1998-11-20)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Football-size Bubble caused by Boiling in Space, UCLA Researchers , sa
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University of California-Los Angeles
Contact: David Brown, dbrown@ea.ucla.edu, (310) 206-0540
Date: November 13, 1998
Football-size Bubble caused by Boiling in Space, UCLA Researchers say
Bubbles the size of footballs could wreak havoc on a plumbing system --
especially one aboard a spacecraft halfway between here and Mars.
That is one of the reasons a team of researchers at the UCLA School of
Engineering and Applied Science is taking part in a $6 million NASA research
program to examine the effects of boiling in space.
Headed by Vijay Dhir, Chairman of the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Department, researchers will examine what happens when liquids change state
and become vapor. The research is essential for future space exploration
missions to Mars and beyond.
Although boiling water on earth is a relatively mundane exercise, producing
few, if any, surprises, it can effect everything from power systems to life
support fluids aboard a spacecraft.
Dhir's team will be studying both the positive and negative effects of the
phenomenon. While on one hand, boiling is a very efficient mode of heat
transfer to produce power, formation of large bubbles can have negative
impact on life supporting liquids and on energy conversion system
performance.
Of primary concern will be "nucleate boiling," involving the bubbles which
form on a heated surface. On earth, these bubbles are about one to two
millimeters in diameter. In the absence of gravity, however, they can
"swell to the size of a football before leaving the heater," Dhir said.
"We've got to understand this phenomenon so we can properly design the heat
exchange equipment to be used in space," Dhir said.
Although this is not the first time the subject has been studied, previous
experiments have yielded insufficient and often contradictory data.
Experiments will be carried out on large silicon wafers, constructed in a
manner similar to semiconductors. The wafers will be large enough to
accommodate a bubble as much as 12 inches in diameter.
Silicon wafers will be used as test surfaces because cavities of desired
size and shape can be fabricated on their surfaces. The experiments will be
carried out during future space shuttle flights or possibly aboard the space
station.
Dhir's department will share the $6 million grant over five years with other
NASA labs.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
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