Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракете Delta с тремя спутниками на борту не дает взлететь ветер
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Ракете Delta с тремя спутниками на борту не дает взлететь ветер
[SpaceViews] Hачиная с 15 января уже 6 раз назначалось время старта
для ракеты-носителя Boeing Delta 2 с тремя спутниками на борту. И уже
шесть раз старт с космодрома на базе ВВС США Ванденберг откладывался из-за
сильного ветра в верхних слоях атмосферы. Очередная шестая попытка старта
была намечена на 26 января в 13 ч 35 мин по московскому времени и опять
из-за ветра запуск отложен, на этот раз на сутки.
Основным грузом ракеты Delta 2 является исследовательский спутник ВВС
США ARGOS весом 2700 кг. Кроме него Delta должна вывести на орбиту датский
научный спутник Orsted, который будет заниматься исследованием
электро-магнитных полей Земли, и южно-африканский спутник Sunsat, который
будет использоваться в экспериментах радиолюбителей.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceDev будет разрабатывать небольшой космический корабль для
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
SpaceDev будет разрабатывать небольшой космический корабль для
исследования Марса
[SpaceViews] Компания SpaceDev получила контракт от Лаборатории
реактивного движения (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL) по разработке
возможных конструкций небольшого универсального космического корабля для
исследования Марса. Контракт рассчитан на два месяца, в течение которых
SpaceDev должна представить возможную конструкцию миниатюрного
космического корабля, который можно было бы использовать в качестве
научного зонда, коммуникационного орбитального ретранслятора или носителя
для спускаемых аппаратов в возможных будущих марсианских миссиях.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Плутон собираются вычеркнуть из списка планет Солнечной системы
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Плутон собираются вычеркнуть из списка планет Солнечной системы
Hазревает беспрецедентное событие - Плутон собираются вычеркнуть из
списка планет Солнечной системы. Эта самая маленькая и самая удаленная от
Солнца планета была открыта совсем недавно - в 1930 г. Теперь же некоторые
астрономы считают, что Плутон никогда не был достоин называться планетой
наравне с Юпитером, Сатурном или Землей.
Плутон по своим характеристикам выбивается из ряда планет Солнечной
системы. По размерам он в полтора раза меньше Луны. Кроме того он меньше
еще шести спутников планет Солнечной системы. Его диаметр составляет всего
2200 км. Орбиты всех планет почти круговые, и только у Плутона орбита явно
эллиптическая.
По вопросу "разжалования" Плутона Международный астрономический союз
собирается провести голосование, результатом которого может стать перевод
Плутона в разряд "малых планет", коих насчитывается около 10 тысяч, или
переименование его в "транс-нептунный объект", или TN-1, то есть Плутон
перейдет в разряд ледяных астероидов из пояса Куипера и Солнечная система
лишится одной из своих планет.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Плутон собираются вычеркнуть... (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 43299/10635 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 49230/7697 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Rosetta - самый амбициозный проект Европейского космического агентства
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Rosetta - самый амбициозный проект Европейского космического агентства
[SpaceViews] Европейское космическое агентство приняло решение о
продолжении работ над двумя крупными научными проектами, несмотря на то,
что для одного из них источники финансирования пока не определены.
Заметный прогресс имеется в реализации наиболее амбициозного проекта
Rosetta, предусматривающего запуск космического зонда к комете Виртанена.
Зонд Rosetta (на рисунке) должен будет выйти на орбиту вокруг кометы и
отправить на поверхность ее ядра спускаемый аппарат. В ходе этой миссии
должны быть получены данные о составе, структуре и других физических
свойствах ядра кометы и ее хвоста из газа и пыли. Ученые надеются, что
полученная информация поможет понять процесс образования солнечной
системы. Имя космическому зонду Rosetta было дано в честь Розетты Стоун
(Rosetta Stone), которая помогла археологам расшифровать египетские
иероглифы.
Запуск космического зонда Rosetta запланирован на 2003 г. В космос его
выведет ракета-носитель Ariane 5. Rosetta долетит до кометы Виртанена
через восемь лет после старта, после того как два раза пролетит вблизи
Земли, один раз вблизи Марса и мимо двух астероидов.
Второй крупный проект Европейского космического агентства - отправка в
2003 г. космического зонда Mars Express для исследования Марса, который
выйдя на орбиту этой планеты отправит на ее поверхность спускаемый
аппарат. Пока деньги есть только на исследовательскую работу, которая
будет выполнена компанией Matra Marconi Space. Источники финансирования
опытно-конструкторских работ должны быть определены в мае на совещании
министров стран-участниц Европейского космического агентства.
Предполагается, что стоимость проекта не превысит 150 млн евро (174 млн
дол.)
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Rosetta (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 43994/8293 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 1210/5996 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Athena вывела на орбиту тайваньский спутник
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Ракета Athena вывела на орбиту тайваньский спутник
[SpaceViews] Во вторник 26 января (3 ч 34 мин 27 января по московскому
времени) с космодрома на мысе Канаверал стартовала ракета Lockheed Martin
Athena 1 с экспериментальным тайваньским спутником ROCSAT-1.
Это был третий старт ракеты Athena 1, которая способна вывести на
околоземную орбиту груз в 795 кг. Следующая версия этой ракеты - Athena 2
- имеет более высокую грузоподъемность - 1975 кг.
ROCSAT-1 - это первый спутник, запущенный в соответствии с тайваньской
программой мирного использования космоса. Этот спутник, построенный
совместно с аэрокосмической компанией TRW, предназначен для проведения
физических и телекоммуникационных экспериментов, а также для
океанографических исследований.
Это был второй запуск с новой стартовой площадки на космодроме на мысе
Канаверал.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Athena вывела на орбиту тайваньский спутник (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 28933/10959 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 8957/7930 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Подписано соглашение по запускам телекоммуникационных спутников систем
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Подписано соглашение по запускам телекоммуникационных спутников системы
Globalstar
В Москве во время визита госсекретаря США Мадлен Олбрайт было
подписано соглашение между США, Россией и Казахстаном о запуске
низкоорбитальных спутников системы глобальной связи Globalstar. Отсутствие
такого соглашение не позволяло американским компаниям запускать свои
спутники на российских ракетах-носителях.
Сразу же после подписания соглашения компания Globalstar объявила о
том, что в период с февраля по декабрь 1999 г. она планирует запустить 44
своих телекоммуникационных спутников. Первые 4 спутника Globalstar будут
запущены ракетой-носителем "Союз" с космодрома Байконур не позднее
середины февраля. К апрелю планируется произвести еще 3 запуска. Затем с
мая по август запуски будут производиться с помощью ракет Delta 2 по 4
спутника на каждой. Hа сентябрь и октябрь запланированы 2 запуска ракеты
"Союз", и еще 2 запуска Delta 2 будут произведены в ноябре и декабре.
8 спутников Globalstar уже находятся в космосе. Если все пойдет по
плану, то к лету на орбите будут находиться 36 спутников, и можно будет
начинать ограниченную коммерческую эксплуатацию системы глобальной
телефонной связи.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Подписано соглашение по запускам (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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`
end
sum -r/size 15015/11823 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 50972/8557 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: STARDUST Update - January 22, 1999
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
STARDUST Status Report
January 22, 1999
Ken Atkins
STARDUST Project Manager
Launch Operations this week: Close out activities in preparation for
launch continued on the spacecraft. Specifically, solar array fold and
close-out and finishing of Multi-layer Insulation (MLI) thermal protection.
The final cleaning of the navigation camera periscope system was completed.
The final mechanism walkdown was also completed and spacecraft observed to be
very clean. The propellant loading operation went exactly as planned and
thruster latch valves were closed completing readiness for mating with the
Star 37 upper stage.
On Wednesday, the Flight Operations Team completed another rehearsal of the
launch and initial acquisition of telemetry from the spacecraft. This test
used software running in the spacecraft test lab in Denver to simulate the
flying spacecraft. It provided telemetry from "scripts" to give the team
the full exercise of its monitoring ground system. The team got an
excellent workout and gained confidence on exactly what to expect on launch
day.
Just prior to this event the Star 37 upper stage arrived at the high bay in
preparation for next week's lifting, final weighing of the spacecraft and
mating. Once the spacecraft is mounted on its upper stage, the assembly will
be placed in its transport cannister for moving STARDUST to Space Launch
Complex 17A (SLC-17A).
We are two weeks from Launch!! I am looking forward to seeing many of you
here in Florida for that event. And for those not able to be here, I hope
you'll be able to view the real time action on NASA TV. Contact
your cable operator to be sure you get the NASA channel. I expect we will
also be available here on the web site.
It's time to "Go Boeing Delta! Go STARDUST!"
For more information on the STARDUST mission - the first ever comet sample
return mission - please visit the STARDUST home page:
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: UK Looks Forward to Next Generation Space Telescope (Forwarded)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Royal Astronomical Society Press Notice
Date: 25 January 1999
Ref. PN 99/03
Issued by:
Peter Bond
Space Science Advisor
10 Harrier Close,
Cranleigh,
Surrey, GU6 7BS,
United Kingdom
Phone: (0)1483-268672
Fax: (0)1483-274047
E-mail: 100604.1111@compuserve.com
Contacts for Further Information
Professor Martin Ward.
Tel: +44 (0)116-252-3494/3540. E-mail: mjw@star.le.ac.uk
Dr. Roger Davies.
Tel: +44 (0)191-374-2163 E-mail: roger.davies@durham.ac.uk
Dr. Gillian Wright.
Tel: +44 (0)131-668-8248. E-mail: gsw@roe.ac.uk
Illustrations are available from:
http://ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Hardware/designs.html
UK Looks Forward to Next Generation Space Telescope
As the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) continues to return a succession of
staggering new images and data, astronomers on both sides of the Atlantic
are preparing the next giant leap for orbital observatories. Three groups in
the UK are playing a leading role in studies to decide which scientific
instruments Europe will provide for HST's successor, the Next Generation
Space Telescope (NGST).
The three studies involving UK groups are:
* The Multi-Object/Integral Field Spectrograph which includes the
University of Durham.
* The Visible Wavelength Camera/Spectrograph which is led by the
University of Leicester.
* The Telescope & Complete Payload Suite which includes the Astronomy
Technology Centre (Edinburgh), Durham University, Leicester University,
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and the University of Cambridge.
Hubble and NGST
Despite Hubble's success, a larger, more capable instrument is required to
answer some of the questions raised by its discoveries. The NGST will be
equipped with a much larger mirror than the HST -- probably 8 metres across
compared to 2.4 metres. It will also operate for much of the time at
infrared wavelengths (0.6-10+ microns). This will enable it to study the
most remote galaxies whose light largely reaches us at infrared wavelengths.
The NGST has been chosen by NASA as an essential element of its Origins
programme. NASA is currently undertaking definition and feasibility studies
before deciding how best to proceed. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the
UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) are also keen to
be involved. However, the telescope's final design and scientific payload
have yet to be decided.
Although the HST was largely built and paid for by NASA, the European Space
Agency has provided one science instrument (the Faint Object Camera) and
various other pieces of hardware, such as solar panels, for the observatory.
In return, European scientists have gained access to 15% of the available
observing time on HST. ESA member states hope to continue this highly
successful collaboration into the NGST programme.
Why do we need NGST?
Astronomers believe they have a good understanding of how the Universe has
evolved in the last few billion years and what it was like when it was quite
young (less than about 1 million years old). However, almost nothing is
known about the events which took place between 1 million and a few billion
years after the Big Bang. It is during this 'Dark Age' that the first stars
and galaxies began to form.
'At the moment we can only see the tip of the iceberg. NGST will allow us to
see the dwarf galaxies which we believe are the building blocks for the big
ones, and the way they interact and grow into the giant galaxies we see
today,' said Professor Martin Ward of Leicester University.
NGST is being designed with a number of fundamental questions about the age
and nature of the Universe in mind:
1. What is the shape of the Universe?
2. How do galaxies evolve?
3. How do stars and planetary systems form and interact?
4. What are the life cycles of matter in the Universe?
5. What is dark matter?
Answers to most of these questions involve objects which formed extremely
early in the history of the Universe. However, since such objects are moving
away from us at tremendous speeds, the radiation we receive from them is
stretched or redshifted. The best way to look at them is in the infrared
portion of the spectrum.
Not only will the NGST be able to detect this infrared radiation, but it
will also be able to see objects 400 times fainter than those currently
studied with large ground-based infrared telescopes. At the same time, its
spatial resolution (image sharpness) will be comparable to that of HST.
The UK and NGST
NGST is expected to operate along similar lines to Hubble, with NASA as the
prime contributor and ESA as a major partner. ESA has accordingly assigned a
number of technical assessments to groups throughout Europe in an effort to
narrow down the options for its hardware contributions to NGST.
Roger Davies and his colleagues at Durham University are working with teams
in France and Germany on a design study for a MULTI-OBJECT INFRARED
SPECTROGRAPH. Since light from most distant galaxies is shifted towards
the red end of the spectrum, this instrument is seen as an essential part of
NGST's scientific payload.
The intention is to simultaneously study starlight from large numbers of
distant galaxies. The spectrograph would be able to split and analyse light
from numerous objects, much as a prism splits sunlight into different
colours. This would enable astronomers to learn much more about the
composition, distance, and speed of retreat of distant galaxies and quasars.
Astronomers would then be able to 'map' the thousands of faint galaxies
which lie in the depths of the Universe.
'At present we use spectrographs to analyse light from only a tiny area of
sky ' said Dr. Davies. 'Telescopes have to be pointed very accurately to
make sure the right object is in view, which is not so easy in space.'
'The new design developed at Durham allows the light from a much larger area
of sky to analysed with the spectrograph. This means that we can study more
objects at once and we don't have to point the telescope so accurately,' he
explained.
Meanwhile, scientists at the University of Leicester heard in December 1998
that they had been chosen to study the implications of installing an OPTICAL
CAMERA / SPECTROGRAPH on NGST. Other institutions taking part in the study
come from France, Italy, Germany and Spain.
Although this new instrument would be similar to the Wide Field and
Planetary Cameras which have been so successful on HST, the added
spectrograph would give it the extra capability of dissecting and analysing
starlight at optical wavelengths over a large area of sky.
Since NGST will use a mirror 10 times bigger in area than HST's (equivalent
to the size of a large living room), the camera would provide even more
detailed pictures than Hubble. In particular, it would reveal galaxies as
they were when the Universe was young, and perhaps give us clues on how
solar systems and planets are formed.
'NGST will be able to see galaxies which are only about 10% the age of the
Universe -- they were born around 1 billion years after the Big Bang,' said
Martin Ward, Scientific Principal Investigator for the ESA Visible Camera
study.
'We will also be able to see dusty disks around other stars, and, perhaps,
the gaps in these disks which astronomers predict are signatures of the
formation of planetary systems,' he added.
In a third ESA study, the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (ATC) in Edinburgh
leads a British team which is helping to define the most suitable telescope
and instrument payload for NGST. Other participants include industry and
astronomical institutes from Germany, France, Spain and the Netherlands.
'We are taking a broad perspective on the overall science case for the NGST
and what Europe would like to see on NGST,' said the co-chair of the study
science team, Gillian Wright. 'The study is concentrating on the telescope
design, how to include all of the instruments astronomers would like, and
the design of instruments not covered by the other studies. At the ATC we
are particularly responsible for leading the study of an imaging
spectrograph operating at mid-infrared wavelengths (5-30 microns).'
The results of these three studies are expected to be published June -
September 1999.
Notes
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched from the Space Shuttle on 25 April
1990. A number of new instruments were added during the 1993 and 1997
Space Shuttle servicing missions.
Although the HST has been in orbit for almost nine years, the science
community hopes that it will continue to operate until 2010. This means that
it will be able to operate in parallel with the NGST, which is planned for
launch in 2007.
One unusual aspect of the NGST mission will be its stable orbital location
about 1.5 million km from Earth in the opposite direction from the Sun. Far
from any heat radiated by the Earth and Moon, and protected by a sunshade,
NGST will be able to remain very cool. This means that the faint infrared
(heat) signatures of remote galaxies will not be swamped by the glow from
the telescope itself.
The total cost for the mission including launch and ten years of operation
is expected to be approximately $1.2 billion. ESA funding has yet to
decided, but is likely to be approximately 15% of the total.
Further Information and Photos of the proposed NGST designs are available
on the Web at:
* http://ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Hardware/designs.html
ESA's NGST page is:
* http://astro.estec.esa.nl/SA-general/Projects/NGST/
Contacts
Professor Martin Ward, Director X-Ray Astronomy Group, University of
Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH.
Tel: +44 (0)116-252-3494/3540. Fax: +44 (0)116-252-3311
E-mail: mjw@star.le.ac.uk
Dr. Roger Davies, Physics Dept, Rochester Laboratory, Durham
University,
South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE. Tel: +44 (0)191-374-2163
Fax: +44 (0)191-374-7465 or 3749) E-mail: roger.davies@durham.ac.uk
Dr. Gillian Wright, UK Astronomy Technology Centre, The Royal
Observatory,
Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ.
Tel: +44 (0)131-668-8248. Fax: +44 (0)131-662-1668.
E-mail: gsw@roe.ac.uk
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Five Explorer Mission Proposals Picked For Feasibility Studies
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Don Savage
Headquarters, Washington, DC January 26, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1727)
RELEASE: 99-7
FIVE EXPLORER MISSION PROPOSALS PICKED FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES
Spacecraft that will help answer some of the biggest
questions in space science have been chosen as candidates for
NASA's medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) program.
The spacecraft will observe the largest explosions and
brightest galaxies in the Universe; study the link between the
Earth's aurora and the solar wind; search for planetary systems
around 40 million stars; and investigate magnetic eruptions in the
Sun's corona. The five proposals will undergo detailed study over
the next five months in the first step of a two-step process. NASA
will select two of the missions for flight under the MIDEX
program, designed to foster lower-cost, highly focused, rapidly
developed scientific spacecraft.
"Once launched, these missions will provide insights into
some of the biggest questions in space science," said Dr. Ed
Weiler, Associate Administrator for Space Science at NASA
Headquarters. "However, MIDEX missions not only return impressive
science results, they continue NASA's trend toward greatly
lowering mission costs with innovative mission planning and
operations."
Following detailed mission concept studies, which are due for
submission by June18, 1999, NASA intends to select two of the
mission proposals in September 1999 for full development as the
third and fourth MIDEX flights. The two missions developed for
flight will be launched in 2003 and 2004.
The selected proposals were judged to have the best science
value among 35 proposals submitted to NASA in August 1998 in
response to an Explorer Program Announcement of Opportunity. Each
will now receive $350,000 to conduct a four month implementation
feasibility study focused on cost, management, and technical
plans, including educational outreach and small business
involvement.
The selected MIDEX proposals are:
* The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer, a three-telescope space
observatory for studying the position, brightness, and physical
properties of gamma ray bursts. Although gamma ray bursts are the
largest known explosions in the Universe, outshining the rest of
the Universe when they explode unpredictably in distant galaxies,
their underlying nature and the cause of the explosion are true
mysteries of astrophysics. Swift would use its gamma ray
telescope, X-ray telescope, and ultraviolet/optical telescope to
determine the nature of gamma ray bursts by probing distant
regions of the Universe. Swift would be led by Dr. Neil Gehrels of
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, at a total
mission cost to NASA of $135 million.
* The Next Generation Sky Survey (NGSS), a four-channel,
supercooled infrared telescope designed to survey the entire sky
with 1,000 times more sensitivity than previous missions. This
infrared survey should discover millions of new cosmic sources of
infrared radiation including the brightest galaxy in the Universe,
the closest star to the Sun, every asteroid between Mars and
Jupiter that is larger than two miles across, and protoplanetary
discs in the process of forming planetary systems around nearby
stars. NGSS would be led by Dr. Edward L. Wright of the University
of California, Los Angeles, at a total mission cost to NASA of
$139 million.
* The Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer (FAME), a space
telescope designed to obtain highly precise position and
brightness measurements of 40 million stars. This rich database
would enable numerous science investigations, including accurately
determining the distance to all of the stars on this side of the
Milky Way galaxy, detecting large planets and planetary systems
around stars within 1,000 light years of the Sun, and measuring
the amount of dark matter in the galaxy from its influence on
stellar motion. FAME would be led by Dr. Kenneth J. Johnston of
the U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC, at a total mission
cost to NASA of $138 million.
* The Auroral Multiscale Midex Mission (AMM), a formation of four
identically instrumented small satellites in a near-polar, highly
elliptical orbit. AMM would study the electrical connection
between Earth's ionosphere and the distant magnetosphere and how
that connection gives rise to the occurrence, structure, and rapid
variations of the northern and southern lights. The four-satellite
constellation will, for the first time, permit observations to be
interpreted unambiguously in terms of variations in space or time.
AMM would be led by Dr. Barry H. Mauk of the Applied Physics
Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, at a total
mission cost to NASA of $130 million.
* The Advanced Solar Coronal Explorer (ASCE), a powerful solar
telescope which would reveal the physical processes in the Sun
that lead to the solar wind and explosive coronal mass ejections.
ASCE would carry two solar instruments that are 100 times better
than previous solar coronographs. It would be deployed on a
recoverable satellite from the Space Shuttle and retrieved two
years later. ASCE would be led by Dr. John L. Kohl of the Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, at a total
mission cost to NASA of $131 million.
NASA has also selected instruments from two proposed MIDEX
missions for technology development funding. Dr. Richard
Rothschild of the University of California at San Diego will
develop an X-ray detector for studying black holes of all sizes.
Dr. Gary Swenson of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
will develop detectors for studying waves in the Earth's upper
atmosphere. Both researchers will receive $700,000 over the next
two years for their work.
The Explorer Program is designed to provide frequent, low-
cost access to space for physics and astronomy missions with small
to mid-sized spacecraft. Explorer missions are required to advance
the goals and objectives of the Structure and Evolution of the
Universe, Sun-Earth Connection, and Astronomical Search for
Origins science themes within the Office of Space Science. The
selected MIDEX science missions must be ready for launch before
June 30, 2004, within the Explorer Program's NASA cost cap of $140
million. The Explorer Program is managed by NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, for the Office of Space Science,
Washington, DC.
- end -
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) Bilateral Ag
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European Space agency
Press Release Nr. 04-99
Paris, France 21 January 1999
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) Bilateral
Agreements signed
On Thursday 21 January 1999, ESA's Director General, Antonio Rodota, has
signed eight Bilateral Agreements with Air Traffic Service Providers, Air
Traffic Management Service Providers and other Agencies representing Users
(AENA of Spain, ANA, EP of Portugal, CNES & DNA of France, DFS of Germany,
ENAV of Italy, NATS of the United Kingdom, NMA of Norway and SWISSCONTROL of
Switzerland).
These Agreements establish the terms of the co-operation between the parties
in support of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS),
a system intended to provide GPS/GLONASS[1] satellite based augmentation
services to aviation, maritime and land users, thereby significantly
enhancing the use of GPS/GLONASS for safety critical applications.
EGNOS is being designed to serve the needs of all modes of transport in the
European Region (ECAC)[2]; its built-in expansion capabilities allow the
propagation of the EGNOS technology and expertise to the other regions of
the world (Africa, South America, Pacific, East, etc).
EGNOS is being implemented by ESA, in the context of a more global European
effort in the field of satellite navigation, in co-operation with the
European Commission and EUROCONTROL and will be interoperable with similar
systems under development in USA (WAAS)[3] and Japan (MSAS)[4].
ESA has taken a leading role to prepare the future European contribution
to a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS 1&2), capable of meeting the
strategic, industrial and technical objectives layed down by European
states.
The direct involvement and contributions of these Users in this ESA
programme is of great importance in that they introduce an important
operational/commercial thrust and open new avenues and opportunities for
ESA's Application Programmes.
EGNOS, planned to be operational in early 2002, will have installations
of varying degrees of complexity in the eight countries involved in the
Bilateral Agreements, as well as outside Europe. The implementation is
entrusted to an industrial team led by Alcatel.
For further information, please contact:
ESA Public Relations Division
Tel: +33(0)1.53.69.7155 Fax: +33(0)1.53.69.7690
[1] GPS: Global Positioning System, GLONASS: Global Navigation Satellite
System
[2] ECAC: European Civil Aviation Conference
[3] WAAS: Wide Area Augmentation System
[4] MSAS: Multi Transport Satellite Augmentation System
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA FY 2000 Budget Briefing Scheduled
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Beth Schmid
Headquarters, Washington, DC January 26, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1760)
NOTE TO EDITORS: N99-5
NASA FY 2000 BUDGET BRIEFING SCHEDULED
A briefing on NASA's fiscal year 2000 budget request will be
held on Monday, Feb. 1, 1999, at 2 p.m. EST in the NASA
Headquarters auditorium, 300 E St., SW, Washington, DC.
NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin and NASA Comptroller
Malcolm Peterson will participate in the briefing and answer
questions. The briefing will be carried live on NASA TV with two-
way question and answer capability for reporters covering the
event from participating NASA centers. A summary of the budget
request will be distributed at the beginning of the press
conference. The budget request also will be available on the NASA
homepage.
NASA television is on GE-2, transponder 9C, located at 85
degrees West longitude, with vertical polarization. Frequency
will be on 3880.0 megahertz, with audio on 6.8 megahertz.
-end-
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: New Satellite Images Shows La Nina Weakening, Unusual Pacific
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Contact: Mary Hardin (818) 354-0344
INTERNET ADVISORY January 27, 1999
NEW SATELLITE IMAGE SHOWS LA NINA WEAKENING, UNUSUAL PACIFIC
The most recent image from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite
shows the area of lower sea level or cold water, commonly
referred to as La Nina, is weakening along the equator and there
is an unusual buildup of warm water in the Western tropical
Pacific.
The image shows sea surface height relative to normal ocean
conditions on January 17, 1999 and sea surface height is an
indicator of the heat content of the ocean.
Although weakening, the La Nina pattern continues to exert a
strong influence on the worldwide climate system. According to
oceanographers, the cold La Nina water acts like a boulder in a
stream, steering the planet's prevailing winds and changing the
course of storms that are born over the ocean. This change of
direction brings a heavy dose of precipitation to the Pacific
Northwest and upper Midwest of the United States. For Southern
California, the general pattern should continue to be a classic
La Nina dry pattern with occasional winter storms.
"It might be raining this week, but we're having a very dry
rainy season in Southern California," said, JPL's Dr. Bill
Patzert, a research oceanographer.
Equally important to North America's winter weather is the
very large area of unusually warm Western Pacific ocean.
Although the appearance of this feature is not fully understood
or anticipated, it is adding energy to the winter storms coming
out of the North Pacific which is fueling the very volatile
weather over the continental U.S.
The January 17 image is now available online at:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/elnino
The U.S./French TOPEX/Poseidon mission is managed by NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Gamma Ray Burst Imaged For First Time
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Donald Savage
Headquarters, Washington, DC January 27, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1727)
Tim Tyson
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL
(Phone: 256/544-0994)
Bill Steigerwald
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
(Phone: 301/286-5017)
RELEASE: 99-8
GAMMA RAY BURST IMAGED FOR FIRST TIME
Astronomers racing the clock managed to take the first-ever
optical images of one of the most powerful explosions in the
Universe -- a gamma ray burst -- as it was occurring on Saturday,
Jan. 23, 1999. Gamma ray bursts produce more energy in a very
short period than the rest of the entire Universe combined.
Because such bursts occur with no warning and typically
last for just a few seconds, quick detection by orbiting
spacecraft and instant notification to astronomers are critical in
order to catch the bursts in the act.
The gamma-ray-burst detectors of the Burst and Transient
Source Experiment (BATSE) onboard NASA's orbiting Compton Gamma
Ray Observatory detected the beginning of a bright gamma ray
burst. As the burst was still in progress, computers determined a
rough location and radioed the position to the Gamma Ray Burst
Coordinates Network (GCN), based at NASA's Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD. The position was immediately forwarded via
the GCN to astronomers at ground based observatories throughout
the world.
Just 22 seconds later the Robotic Optical Transient Search
Experiment (ROTSE) in Los Alamos, NM, operated by a team led by
Dr. Carl Akerlof of the University of Michigan, was in position
and took images of the patch of sky where the burst was reported.
Their equipment is assembled from 35 mm camera lenses and parts
culled from the amateur astronomy market. The first picture
showed a brightening new star within the sky region where the
burst was reported.
Five seconds later, the burst achieved peak brightness,
reaching 9th magnitude, about 16 times fainter than the human eye
can see, but easily visible in an amateur telescope. Within eight
minutes of the initial detection, the burst had faded by a factor
of 100 below its maximum brightness. "I was amazed," Akerlov
said. "At best, we expected something really dim optically, at
the limit of our sensitivity. Instead we found a whopper."
"If this burst had originated in the Milky Way Galaxy, it
would have lit up the night sky," said Dr. Alan Bunner, Director
of NASA's Structure and Evolution of the Universe science theme at
NASA Headquarters.
The event was also recorded by instruments aboard the
Italian-Dutch BeppoSAX satellite, which obtained a much more
accurate position for the burst within a few hours of its onset.
It was this more precise location information that the ROTSE team
used to find the burst in their images.
"This is the Holy Grail for the Gamma Ray Burst Coordinates
Network," said Dr. Scott Barthelmy, the astronomer at Goddard, who
developed and runs the network. "Optical telescopes had seen the
afterglow of a burst, but never the burst itself. This
observation will help us understand the physical processes behind
the bursting."
Within three hours of the gamma ray burst, a team of
astronomers led by Dr. Stephan Odewahn, and Profs. Shri Kulkarni
and George Djorgovski of the California Institute of Technology
used the 60-inch Mt. Palomar telescope to find a fading optical
counterpart to this gamma ray burst, helped by the precise
localization provided by BeppoSAX.
The next night, a joint team led by Dr. D. Kelson of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, using the Keck II 10-meter
telescope located at Mauna Kea, HI, found that the distance to the
burst is about nine billion light years, more than half way to the
edge of the observable Universe.
Astronomers are not certain what produces gamma ray bursts,
but possible causes include the mergers of two neutron stars, two
black holes, or a neutron star and a black hole, or the explosion
of a so-called hypernova. A hypernova is a theorized type of
supernova or exploding star.
"The optical emission was about 10,000 times brighter than
ever observed, something you could see with a pair of good
binoculars," said Dr. Neil Gehrels, Project Scientist of the
Compton Observatory. "Theorists will have a field day trying to
explain this phenomenon."
Dr. Gehrels said the simultaneous observation of the burst
in optical and gamma ray energies might open the door to a whole
new generation of instruments like ROTSE, which is a fully
automated telescope that can respond to information about
transient celestial sources instantly. Orbiting telescopes detect
several hundred gamma ray bursts each year.
The ROTSE project is designed and operated by a
collaboration of astrophysicists from the University of Michigan
and the Department of Energy's Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratories. The Principal Investigator for BATSE is
Dr. Gerald Fishman at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, AL. The National Science Foundation provided funding
for observations at Keck II.
- end -
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Galileo Update - January 27, 1999
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Galileo Europa Mission Status
January 27, 1999
Galileo is preparing for its upcoming flyby of Jupiter's icy
moon Europa, which will take place Sun., January 31, at 6:20 p.m.
Pacific time, at an altitude of 1,440 kilometers (895 miles).
This will be the last Europa flyby of the current Galileo Europa
Mission.
The spacecraft is "clearing the decks" by transmitting to
Earth the final batch of science pictures and information stored
previously on Galileo's onboard tape recorder. This week's
transmission includes a spacecraft camera observation of
Jupiter's rings, a measurement of the star Sirius by the near-
infrared mapping spectrometer, and part of a recording made of
Jupiter's plasma sheet by instruments that study magnetic fields
and charged particles.
Galileo will also perform a minor flight path correction on
Thursday, January 28, and will perform regular tape recorder
maintenance on Friday, January 29, both in preparation for the
Europa flyby.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Cornell astronomer looks at our deep hot biosphere and finds it teemin
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News Service
Cornell University
Contact: David Brand
Office: (607) 255-3651
E-Mail: deb27@cornell.edu
FOR RELEASE: Jan. 26, 1999
Cornell astronomer looks at our deep hot biosphere and finds it teeming with
life , and controversy
ITHACA, N.Y. -- The ideas come crowding in: Deep within the Earth's crust
is a vast ecosystem of primitive bacteria nurtured by a reservoir of
hydrocarbons of unimaginable size, much of it untapped. Even more: The
microbes predate all of the planet's other life forms, existing even before
photosynthesis became the preferred life-giving form.
In a new book, The Deep Hot Biosphere (Copernicus/Springer-Verlag, $27),
Cornell Professor emeritus of astronomy Thomas Gold argues that subterranean
bugs are us -- or at least they started the whole evolutionary process, and
that there's no looming energy shortage because oil reserves are far greater
than predicted.
In the hands of anyone other than Gold, the reaction to all this might be a
skeptical raised eyebrow. But Gold, as ever the Cornellian gadfly, makes his
argument with erudition and conviction. Founder and director of Cornell's
Center for Radiophysics and Space Research for two decades, Gold is hardly a
stranger to sticking his neck out. He has been proven right in such diverse
realms as a theory of hearing, the interpretation of pulsars and a theory of
the Earth's axis of rotation.
But Gold's most controversial idea, as physicist Freeman Dyson notes in the
book's forward, is that of the nonbiological origin of natural gas and oil,
which he first proposed more than 20 years ago. These hydrocarbons, Gold
postulated, come from deep reservoirs and are composed of the material from
which the Earth condensed. The idea that hydrocarbons coalesced from organic
material is, he says, quite wrong. The biological molecules found in oil, he
avers, show only that the oil is contaminated by microbes, not that it was
produced by them.
Some researchers, and in particular petroleum geologists, have taken issue
with Gold's proposal. They are likely to be even more put out by his new
book, which says that these microbes populate the Earth's interior down to
a depth of several miles and that everything we see living on the planet's
surface is only a small part of the biosphere. The greater part, and the
ancient part, is very deep and very hot.
Indeed, Gold shows irritation at a scientific community that "has typically
sought only surface life in the heavens." Scientists, he writes, "have been
hindered by a sort of 'surface chauvinism.'"
The heavens?
Absolutely, says Gold. "Spectroscopic evidence is very strong for many
planetary bodies. The prime example is Titan [a moon of Saturn], which has
clouds of ethane and methane. They interchange with the surface, so there
must be lakes or oceans of liquid ethane or methane. Once you know that,
it's clear they came outside from the body within."
Thus, he writes, life on many other planetary bodies seems probable, even
though their surfaces are either too hot or too cold to support life.
"Subsurface life, however, is another matter. Mars, the satellites of the
major planets, many asteroids and even our own moon should be regarded as
real prospects for harboring extraterrestrial life of this kind," he writes.
On Earth, says Gold, there is clear evidence that subsurface microbial life
still exists; for example, in the discovery of primitive microbes in hot
ocean vents. "We pulled up bugs from five kilometers down in the granite in
Sweden. They were perfectly alive and probably the earliest life form on the
planet," he says. The primitive microbes, he notes, are thermophiles and
hyperthermophiles, heat-loving archaebacteria.
Photosynthesis, his book argues, "developed in offshoots of subterranean
life that had progressed toward the surface and then evolved a way to use
photons to supply even more chemical energy." When surface conditions such
as temperature and liquid water became favorable to life, surface life was
able to blossom.
In the eons since, the deep world of microbes has had to rely on chemical
energy, the oxidation of hydrocarbons, ranging from methane to petroleum, as
the organisms emerge upwards from deep reservoirs below. "Every oil-bearing
region in the world must have large amounts of microbiology," he says.
Writes Gold: "In my view, hydrocarbons are not biology reworked by geology
(as the traditional view would hold) but rather geology reworked by biology.
In other words, hydrocarbons are primordial, but as they upwell into Earth's
outer crust microbial life invades."
Reviewing the book, Publishers Weekly noted that "if Gold is right, the
planet's oil reserves are far larger than policy-makers expect ... moreover,
astronomers hoping for extraterrestrial contacts might want to stop seeking
life on other planets and inquire about life in them."
-30-
Related World Wide Web sites:
The following sites provide additional information on this news release. Some
might not be part of the Cornell University community, and Cornell has no
control over their content or availability.
Thomas Gold's overview of his new book, The Deep Hot Biosphere:
http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/tg21/
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Sun May Plan Unrecognized Role in Global Warming, UCLA Astronomer , Su
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University of California-Los Angeles
Contact: Stuart Wolpert, stuartw@college.ucla.edu, (310) 206-0511
January 26, 1999
Sun May Plan Unrecognized Role in Global Warming, UCLA Astronomer Suggests
UCLA astronomy professor Roger Ulrich raises this question: Is the sun
affecting global warming? Ulrich believes the sun could play a larger role
than most scientists think. Ulrich, whose research focuses on the sun, noted
that the sun's surface can be divided into three types of regions: relatively
small regions that appear as sunspots and where an intense magnetic field is
as much as 8,000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field; a larger
region where the magnetic field is as much as 200 times stronger than the
Earth's; and a huge region that covers some 80 percent of the sun, where he
estimates the magnetic field is about 10 times stronger than the Earth's.
Ulrich's research focuses on this last region, with the relatively weak
magnetic field, which he believes may play a larger role in the Earth's
climate than has been realized.
Every 11 years the sun undergoes a cycle where the strength of its magnetic
fields rises and falls. Sunspots, many of them larger than the Earth itself,
appear on the surface where the magnetic field is most intense for the first
three to four years of the cycle, then recede during the remainder of the
cycle. At low points in the cycle, the sun only occasionally will have a
spot on its surface; at peak times, the sun may have dozens visible at once,
Ulrich said.
Speaking at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science in Anaheim on Jan. 23, Ulrich proposed that the 80 percent of the
sun with a relatively weak magnetic field may follow a much longer cycle that
is a delayed response to the 11-year solar cycle. He further suggested that
the weak field's longer cycle may help to explain the "little ice age" that
occurred on Earth from approximately 1650-1710, and may affect the Earth's
climate.
During the "little ice age," sunspots virtually disappeared from the solar
surface for six decades, Ulrich said. The sun's surface had only one sunspot
every decade during this time, and none for about 20 years. If sunspots were
to go away, the sun would put out less energy, which could make it colder,
Ulrich said -- and it was colder during these six decades when sunspots were
not present.
At the AAAS meeting, Ulrich presented new evidence, collected over 11 years,
from Mount Wilson's Solar 150-foot Tower Telescope. He is the first scientist
to make measurements of the sun's weak magnetic field over an extended period.
This research is the first step to measure the strength of the magnetic field
over 80 percent of the sun's surface.
As Ulrich continues the research, he seeks to learn what would happen to the
sun if the weak field went away and to estimate the effect. He suspects that
the field may have gone away during the 60-year period starting in 1650, and
said it is possible that it will happen again.
Scientists have not known much about what happens on this 80 percent of the
sun's surface; no one had measured what occurs at this region before.
Ulrich's observations indicate that as the sunspots go away, the rest of the
magnetic field starts to go away as well; but before the magnetic field can
dissipate over the 80 percent region, a new sunspot cycle begins. For 80
percent of the sun, therefore, the magnetic field does not go away completely
when sunspots are at a minimum, it just drops slightly.
"The weak magnetic field tries to decay at sunspot minimum, but does not have
time before the sunspots return and refresh it," Ulrich said. "The weak fields
may be responding to the strong fields. During the little ice age, the weak
field may have gone away, affecting the Earth's climate."
While scientists had dismissed the sun as a factor in global warming, Ulrich
said there may be a longer-term trend that has not been factored in coming
from this 80 percent region of the sun. Ulrich thinks it is "reasonably
likely" that the weak field plays a larger role than has been assumed.
During this century, the number of sunspots has increased, Ulrich noted.
Ulrich's research is supported by NASA, the Office of Naval Research and the
National Science Foundation. His colleagues are Judit Pap, UCLA research
astronomer; and graduate student Daryl Parker.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 28 января 1999 (1999-01-28)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Pluto reclaims its usual spot in the solar system (Forwarded)
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NEWS SERVICES
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
210 Pittsboro Street, Campus
Box 6210
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-6210
(919) 962-2091 FAX: (919) 962-2279
News Services contact: Karen Stinneford, 919-962-8415
For immediate use: Jan. 26, 1999
No. 62
Pluto reclaims its usual spot in the solar system
By DR. LEE SHAPIRO, Morehead Planetarium
CHAPEL HILL -- Even as some astronomers debate whether Pluto should be
called a planet, Pluto is approaching a special occasion.
Most people think of Pluto as the most distant planet in our solar system.
However, for the past 20 years, Neptune has served in that role. Because
Pluto has a more elliptical orbit compared to the other planets, it is
positioned closer to the sun than Neptune for about 20 years out of its
248-year orbital period.
Pluto moved closer to the sun than Neptune in February 1979 and was closest
to the sun (perihelion) in September 1989. Now headed back out, Pluto
reclaims its title as the most distant planet in the solar system on Feb. 9,
1999.
The next time Pluto?s orbit leads it closer to the sun than Neptune, in 228
years, the event may not seem as special. It will still occur, but if Pluto
has been reclassified as a Kuiper Belt Object, then many people may not pay
attention.
Pluto is definitely an odd planet. The other planets tend to fall into two
groups: the small, rocky, dense, terrestrial planets of Mercury, Venus,
Earth and Mars, and the giant, Jovian planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. Pluto is smaller and significantly less dense than the terrestrial
planets. In terms of size and density, it often is compared to some large-
and medium-sized satellites of the Jovian planets.
However, some astronomers believe Pluto represents a recently discovered
group of objects found in orbit around the sun near and beyond Pluto?s own
orbit. These objects are called Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO) in honor of the
astronomer who predicted their existence. To date, Pluto is considerably
larger than any of the discovered KBOs.
Although Pluto, especially at this place in its orbit, is close compared to
the stars, it is extremely faint. Pluto is now about four light hours away
while Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, is about nine light years
away. Despite the fact that Pluto is 18,000 times closer to us than Sirius,
Pluto appears 1.2 million times fainter than Sirius to an earthly observer.
For information on Morehead Planetarium?s Star Theater presentations, call
549-6863 or visit the World Wide Web page at www.unc.edu/depts/mhplanet/ .
- 30 -
Note to media: Dr. Lee Shapiro is director of Morehead Planetarium. He can
be reached at 919-962-1236.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
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